19.01.2011
According to independent research, we recognized leaders
Man has long used the natural polymer materials in their lives. This leather , Fur , hair , silk , cotton , etc., are used to clothing, and various binders ( Cement , lime , clay ), the generators with appropriate treatment of three-dimensional polymer body, is widely used as a Construction Materials . However, industrial production chain polymers began in the early XX century., Although the preconditions for this have appeared previously.
Almost immediately, industrial production of polymers has evolved in two directions - through the processing of natural organic polymers in synthetic polymer materials by obtaining a synthetic polymer of low molecular weight organic compounds.
In the first case of large-capacity production is based on the cellulose . The first polymeric material of the physically modified cellulose - celluloid - was received at the beginning of XX century. Large-scale production of esters and ethers Pulp was organized before and after the Second World War and there are up to date. Based on them produce Film , fiber , paint materials and thickeners . It should be noted that the development of cinema and photography was only possible thanks to the emergence of a transparent film of Nitrocellulose .
production of synthetic polymers began in 1906, when a L. Bakeland patented the so-called bakelite resin - a product of condensation phenol and formaldehyde , turning on heating in three-dimensional polymer. For decades it was used for the manufacture of enclosures of electrical equipment, Battery , TV , sockets, etc., and is currently being used as a binder and the adhesive substance.
Through the efforts of Henry Ford , before World War I started rapid development of the automotive industry first based on natural, synthetic, and then also rubber . Production of the latter was utilized on the eve of World War II in the Soviet Union, Britain, Germany and the USA. During these years, mastered the industrial production of PS and PVC , are excellent electrically insulating materials, as well as poly - without an organic glass under the name" Plexiglas "would be not massive aircraft during the war.
After the war, has resumed production of polyamide and tissues ( nylon , nylon ), begun before the war. In 50-ies. XX century. was designed polyester fiber and mastered the production of fabrics based on it titled dacron or PET . Polypropylene and nitron - artificial fur from polyacrylonitrile , - close the list of synthetic fibers, which are used by modern man, for clothing and industrial activities. In the first case, these fibers are very often combined with natural fibers from Pulp or protein ( cotton , hair , silk ). Landmark event in the world of polymers was the discovery in the mid 50-ies of XX century and the rapid industrial development of Ziegler-Natta , which led to the appearance of polymer materials based on polyolefins and, above all, PP and PE low-pressure (before it was mastered the production of PE at a pressure of 1000 atm.) and stereoregular polymers that are capable of crystallization. Were then introduced into the mass production of polyurethanes - the most common sealants, adhesive soft and porous materials ( foam), as well as polysiloxanes - Organoelement Polymers having higher than organic polymers heat resistance and elasticity.
List close the so-called unique polymers synthesized in 60-70 years. XX century. These include the aromatic polyamides, polyimides, polyesters, polyether ketones, etc., an essential attribute of these polymers is that they have the aromatic rings and (or) of condensed aromatic structures. They are characterized by a combination of the outstanding values of strength and heat resistance.
